Correlation between Subjective Nasal Patency and Nasal Capacity in Young Adults: A Pilot Study with a Prototype Device-A Nasoorospirometer.

Background: Nasal airway obstruction (NAO) is characterised by high resistance in the nasal cavity with a collapsible and narrowed upper airway and is an integral part of OSA pathophysiology. The literature demonstrates that the identification of high-risk OSA in the young adult population leads to the prevention of later health consequences. A nasoorospirometer is a prototype device that measures nasal capacity during inspiration. The basis for measurement is a Wheatstone bridge and a thermal anemometer. The parameters are recorded via hot wire anemometry (HTA) with velocity measurements in the airflow field. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to test the feasibility of the device by examining a young adult sample. The secondary aim was to determine whether subjective NAO correlates with nasal capacity and whether NAO corresponds with anthropometric parameters and individual risk of OSA. Methods: A group of 31 participants (mean age 24.9 years) underwent a thorough laryngological examination. The nasoorospirometer was used to measure objective NAO (nasal capacity), the NOSE scale was used to gain subjective NAO evaluation, and the Berlin Questionnaire for the risk of OSA. Results: A correlation analysis confirmed no significant associations between the subjective and objective measures (p > 0.05). Higher BMI and neck circumference are associated with lower NAO and higher nasal patency in the population of young adults (r: 0.32-0.45; p < 0.05). The risk of OSA showed no statistically significant association (p > 0.05). Conclusions: We presented three methods of NAO assessment: subjective participant evaluation, objective nasoosopirometry, and objective laryngological assessment. However, the use of a nasoorospirometer with anthropometric measures in young adults needs to be verified in future studies.

Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Young Adult Population: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is suggested to differ according to different age groups. While its prevalence has been extensively investigated among middle-aged and old individuals, very few studies have summarized its prevalence among young adults. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of OSA prevalence among healthy adults aged 18-30 years in the general population. METHODS: A search of Embase, Medline, and Web of Science databases for articles reporting the prevalence of OSA among young adults confirmed by objective diagnostic methods was completed by two reviewers. Studies identified and included in the review were summarized qualitatively. Additionally, a meta-analysis of prevalence rates was conducted using a random effects model. RESULTS: 11 articles out of 5898 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The diagnostic thresholds, scoring criteria, and the type of used device varied substantially among all the studies. We found that the pooled prevalence of OSA among young adults was 16% (CI 95%, 8-29%, I2 = 92%, τ2 = 1.47). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of OSA among young adults was found to be ~16%. However, a few factors diverged prevalence between the studies, such as hypopnea definition, AHI threshold, and type of device. Most of the studies included examined healthy volunteers, suggesting that the disease burden may be underestimated. Findings from our review highlight the need to include OSA-related assessment and intervention in the overall health care of young adults. By early detection and offered treatment, further complications related to comorbidities may be omitted.

Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children.

(1) Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the cancer stem cell (CSC) markers CD24, CD44, CD133, and ALDH1A1 in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in children and to define their prognostic role in this group of patients. (2) Methods: The study material was archival tissue specimens collected from 49 patients under 18 years of age and who had been diagnosed with RMS. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate the expression of the selected CSC markers in the tumor tissue. Expression was evaluated using a semiquantitative IRS scale based on the one developed by Remmele and Stenger and was correlated with the clinical and pathomorphological parameters of prognostic importance in RMS. (3) Results: Expression of the selected CSC markers CD24, CD44, CD133, and ALDH1A1 was demonstrated in 83.7%, 55.1%, 81.6%, and 100% of the RMS patients, respectively. The expression of all of the assessed CSC markers was statistically significantly higher in the study group versus the control group. No significant correlation was found between the expression of the selected CSC markers and clinical and pathological prognostic factors that were analyzed. The expression of the CSC markers did not have a significant influence on RMS survival rates. (4) Conclusions: The results of the conducted study confirm the expression of selected CSC markers in rhabdomyosarcoma tissue in children. The study did not support the prognostic relevance of the expression of any of the assessed CSC markers. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the relevance of the selected CSC markers in RMS carcinogenesis.

Requirements for Supporting Diagnostic Equipment of Respiration Process in Humans.

There is abundant worldwide research conducted on the subject of the methods of human respiration process examination. However, many of these studies describe methods and present the results while often lacking insight into the hardware and software aspects of the devices used during the research. This paper's goal is to present new equipment for assessing the parameters of human respiration, which can be easily adopted for daily diagnosis. This work deals with the issue of developing the correct method of obtaining measurement data. The requirements of the acquisition parameters are clearly pointed out and examples of the medical applications of the described device are shown. Statistical analysis of acquired signals proving its usability is also presented. In the examples of selected diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract (URT), the advantages of the developed apparatus for supporting the diagnosis of URT patency have been proven.

Endoglin Expression and Microvessel Density as Prognostic Factors in Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma.

(1) Background: The study proposed to analyze microvessel density (MVD) in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) based on the expression of angiogenesis markers and define its prognostic role in this group of patients. (2) Methods: The study included forty-nine pediatric patients diagnosed with RMS. Tumor tissue expression of CD31, CD34, and CD105 was analyzed. MVD was calculated and correlated with clinical RMS prognostic parameters. (3) Results: CD31, CD34, and CD105 are expressed in all RMS cases. MVD/CD105 was significantly higher in the RMS group than in the control group. The mean and median values of MVD/CD105 in RMS were lower than MVD/CD31 and MVD/CD34. MVD/CD105 was significantly higher in patients with alveolar RMS and those with metastatic disease. Patients with higher levels of MVD/CD105 had a higher risk of death (HR = 1.009). (4) Conclusion: CD105 is a relevant angiogenesis marker in pediatric RMS, and MVD/CD105 is an independent risk factor of short overall survival in children with RMS.

ALKBH overexpression in head and neck cancer: potential target for novel anticancer therapy.

The nine identified human homologues of E. coli AlkB 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase, ALKBH1-8 and FTO, display different substrate specificities and diverse biological functions. Here we discovered the combined overexpression of members of the ALKBH family in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). We found direct correlation of ALKBH3 and FTO expression with primary HNSCC tumor size. We observed unidentified thus far cytoplasmic localization of ALKBH2 and 5 in HNSCC, suggesting abnormal role(s) of ALKBH proteins in cancer. Further, high expression of ALKBHs was observed not only in HNSCC, but also in several cancerous cell lines and silencing ALKBH expression in HeLa cancer cells resulted in dramatically decreased survival. Considering the discovered impact of high expression of ALKBH proteins on HNSCC development, we screened for ALKBH blockers among newly synthetized anthraquinone derivatives and demonstrated their potential to support standard anticancer therapy.

Association of breathing patterns and quality of life in patients with nasal obstruction.

INTRODUCTION: In the general population, nasal obstruction is a common complaint. However, an objective evaluation of nasal obstruction is difficult. Nose examination, computed tomography (CT), acoustic rhinometry, and anterior rhinomanometry do not accurately reflect the discomfort reported by patients with nasal obstruction. In patients with nasal obstruction, this study evaluated nasal breathing with a unique device for continuous nasal-oral spirometry - a nasal-oral flow analyzer (NOFA); moreover, quality of life was compared between patients with normal nasal breathing on NOFA and of those with impaired nasal breathing on NOFA. METHODS: Of 181 adult patients admitted to an ENT department due to nasal obstruction that were enrolled in the study, 97 (53.6%) completed all per-protocol assessments, including the SF-36 questionnaire and 3-hour, continuous nasal-oral spirometry with NOFA. Based on the presence of normal nasal breathing defined as ≥95% of nasal flow, the 97 patients were divided into those with normal nasal breathing (n=31) and impaired nasal breathing (n=66). RESULTS: Patients with normal nasal breathing differed from those with impaired nasal breathing with respect to all SF-36 subscales (physical functioning, p=0.004; role-physical, p=0.009; bodily pain, p<0.001; general health, p=0.007; vitality, p=0.002; social functioning, p=0.008; mental health, p=0.009; physical component summary, p<0.001; mental component summary, p=0.02), except for the role-emotional subscale (p=0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with symptoms of nasal obstruction, compared to patients with normal nasal breathing, those with impaired nasal breathing had significantly lower quality of life in the physical and mental domains. Further research needs to determine whether NOFA can be used to diagnose nasal obstruction.

Prevalence of upper respiratory tract infections in habitually snoring and mouth breathing children.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of upper respiratory tract infections (URI) - as indicated by rhinosinusitis (RS), ear infections (EI), and antibiotic consumption - in a general pediatric population and evaluate the relationship between these conditions and habitual snoring and mouth breathing during sleep. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was performed in three medium-sized Polish cities from 2011 to 2015. RESULTS: 4837/6963 questionnaires (69.5%) were completed, returned and analyzed. Mean age of studied group was 7.07 ±â€¯0.72 and 7.14 ±â€¯0.73 in girls and boys, respectively. Habitual mouth breathing during sleep (MB) was reported in 907 (18.7%) children and habitual snoring (HS) in 290 (6.0%). 230/290 (79.3%) of children with HS were also MB. Both HS and MB were more prevalent in boys than in girls (p = 0.027 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and neither was associated with BMI (p = 0.11 and p = 0.07, respectively). Habitual snoring and habitual mouth breathing were highly associated with more frequent bouts of rhinosinusitis, ear infections, and antibiotic use (p < 0.0001 for each parameter). CONCLUSIONS: Higher rates of rhinosinusitis, ear infections, and antibiotic consumption were similarly associated with HS and MB. MB is over three times more prevalent in the pediatric population relative to HS, therefore it might be considered as a risk factor for URI and may be included in history of URI.

Management of pediatric head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma: A case-series of 36 patients.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in the pediatric population. In 35% of cases, RMS develops in the head and neck (H&N) region, and only combined therapy is recognized as a curative treatment. However, recent advances in skull base and reconstructive surgery, along with microsurgery and endoscopic surgery, have strengthened the role of surgery as an important part of RMS treatment. In the present study, 36 pediatric RMS cases (24 males and 12 females) were analyzed after surgical treatment. The average age at diagnosis was 7 years. In total, 67% of tumors were localized in the parameningeal region. Alveolar RMS was the most common histopathological type. A total of 16 patients were treated due to disease recurrence or a previous non-radical surgical procedure, while 19 cases had inductive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy preceding surgical treatment due to locally advanced disease. In 1 case, only diagnostic biopsy was performed. It is recommended that the management of H&N RMS is interdisciplinary from the beginning. Extensive surgical dissection in the H&N region for RMS may result in severe cosmetic defects and functional impairment; thus, these risks should be considered during treatment planning, and the surgical approach should be based on the individual characteristics of each patient.

Evaluation of the acoustic (stapedius) reflex test in children and adolescents with peripheral facial nerve palsy.

INTRODUCTION: The stapedius nerve is one of the branches of the facial nerve in the temporal bone. It supplies the stapedius muscle, which is responsible for the attenuation reflex that protects the inner ear from loud noises. The stapedius (acoustic) reflex (SR) test is useful in identifying the site of facial nerve injury. The return of the SR (acoustic) to normal after an injury is a good prognostic factor in the treatment of facial nerve palsy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of FNP on the SR (acoustic) response and determine the acoustic reflex threshold (ART) levels on the affected side. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this study, 70 patients, 3-7 years old, were screened. The study population consisted of 26 boys (37%) and 44 girls (63%). Follow-up tests were performed 3-18 months after the initial tests. RESULTS: Most patients in the study population had a negative SR (acoustic) response on the affected side. In other patients, mean ART values were statistically higher on the affected side. There was no statistically significant relationship between a reflex response and the time from the onset of facial nerve palsy. DISCUSSION: In the available literature, the SR (acoustic) testing is limited in determining whether or not the reflex is present without stimulus frequency or ART measurements. It is estimated that the reflex response is negative with ipsilateral stimulation on the affected side in 35-80% patients. CONCLUSIONS: The SR (acoustic) is absent in most patients on the affected side. The ART value was statistically higher on the affected side. The SR (acoustic) response was statistically time independent.

Nasopharyngeal chordoma in a patient with a severe form of sleep-disordered breathing: A case report.

Nasopharyngeal chordoma is a rare type of malignant neoplasm that originates in the remnants of the notochord, a primitive tissue of embryonic origin preserved outside the axial skeleton. Approximately one-third of chordomas are located in the base of the skull, in the midline of the body. The slow growth rate of the tumor, which gradually fills the nasopharyngeal cavity, contributes to a delayed oncological diagnosis. Among its isolated and non-specific symptoms, the obstruction of the nasopharynx is dominant, thus, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may occur. The current study presents the case of a 32-year-old female patient who was incidentally diagnosed with a nasopharyngeal chordoma during a diagnostic examination for SDB. The diagnostic examination was performed as a part of a research program for pathologically obese patients who qualified for bariatric surgery. Following tumor resection, a significant improvement in various polysomnographic parameters occurred, including a decrease in the apnea hypopnea index from 53.5 to 6.4 and an increase in the mean saturation rate from 92.5 to 95%, confirming that an association exists between tumor obstruction of the nasopharynx and SDB. The incidental diagnosis of this rare type of neoplasm drew attention to diagnostic and therapeutic problems associated with nasopharyngeal chordomas. Furthermore, it indicated the necessity for the accurate laryngological examination of patients with SDB.

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in children. It is localized in the head and neck region in 40% of cases. Treatment of RMS is complex, including multi-drug chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. The progress that has been accomplished in oncology in recent decades significantly improved outcomes. The 5-year survival rate raised from 25% in 1970 to 73% in 2001, according to IRS-IV data. The outcome is influenced by primary tumor localization, clinical staging, histological tumor type and age at the moment of diagnosis. The relatively rare incidence of these tumors resulted in difficulties in creating more standardized therapeutic protocols. Comparison of outcomes in large patients groups led to an increase in the number of patients with complete remission. Although survival rates of RMS patients have improved, searching for new therapeutic modalities and substances is still essential to improve outcomes in cases of more advanced stages and unfavorable tumor localizations.

Long-term parental satisfaction with adenotonsillectomy: a population study.

OBJECTIVE: This study reports the presence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) symptoms among first graders. We evaluated the severity of symptoms and parental satisfaction in children who had undergone adenotonsillectomy (T&A) compared to children who never had T&A. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted. Parent-reported questionnaire data including age, weight, height, BMI, history of T&A, and SDB symptoms (snoring intensity, observed dyspneas, mouth breathing during sleep) were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 3580 eligible children, 2504 (69.9 %) returned questionnaires. Two hundred fifty-nine (10.3 %) children had a history of T&A. Within this group, 76 % of parents were still satisfied with their child's outcome after surgery. The satisfaction rate decreased from 88.9 % in those who had surgery within 1 year to 71.3 % in those who had surgery ≥3 years prior. The mean values of intensity for all analyzed SDB symptoms on a five-point scale were significantly higher for children who had ever undergone T&A when compared to those who never underwent surgery [e.g., snoring (2.11 vs 1.87; P = 0.0004), dyspneas (1.64 vs 1.22; P < 0.0001), and mouth breathing during sleep (2.95 vs 2.58; P < 0.0001)]. For those who had undergone T&A, 24 % of caregivers were not satisfied with the surgical outcome and the symptom intensity was highest (snoring = 3.16, dyspneas = 2.20, and mouth breathing = 4.23) for these children. CONCLUSIONS: The mean SDB symptom intensity was significantly higher in children who had undergone T&A when compared to those who had not. The elevated symptom intensity in those children whose caregivers were not satisfied after T&A suggests possible SDB recurrence and need for further evaluation.

Snoring but not BMI influences aggressive behavior and concentration problems in children.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep-disordered breathing is an important risk factor for neurobehavioral impairment in children. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in a population of first graders and to determine the association between behavior problems, body mass index (BMI) and snoring. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using a parent-reported questionnaire. The study evaluated 2,474 first-graders. Data including age, weight, height, BMI, snoring intensity, and problems with child behavior were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 3,480 eligible children, 2,474 (71.1%) returned completed questionnaires. Of these, 72% were reported to be non-snorers, 28% snorers, and 6.4% habitual snorers. There was a positive linear association between behavior impairment and snoring severity measured on a 5-point scale, with highly significant differences between each of five snoring intensity groups (p<0.00001). Compared to non-snorers, snorers in the normal-weight and overweight subgroups had significantly more aggressive behavior (p<0.0001; p=0.002, respectively) and more concentration problems (p<0.0001; p=0.03, respectively). There was no significant difference in aggressive behavior and concentration problems intensity in the screened groups of obese and normal subjects (p=0.70; p=0.79, respectively). DISCUSSION: Behavior problems were positively associated with increasing snoring frequency. However, there were no differences in the prevalence of behavioral or concentration problems between obese and non-obese first-graders studied.

Tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma mimicking a thyroid tumor: A case report.

At present, only eight cases of tracheal adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) mimicking thyroid tumors have been reported. Since there are no guidelines available regarding their diagnosis and treatment, they present a significant clinical challenge. In the present study, patient treatment was analyzed to deliver the first concise summary of treatment options in patients with ACC mimicking a thyroid tumor. In addition, all available data regarding molecular abnormalities of this disease have been discussed. The current study presents a case of a 17-year-old patient with a tracheal ACC mimicking a thyroid tumor. The patient was diagnosed in 2007 with a pathological mass between the left lobe of the thyroid and the trachea, and underwent surgery and radiotherapy. In 2010, multiple lesions in the lungs were diagnosed and pulmonary metastasectomy was performed. Following surgery, the patient has been disease-free for almost 30 months. Thyroid tumor biopsy may reveal ACCs. This pathological report requires further investigation of the head and neck in order to confirm if the disease is of tracheal origin. Patients may present with a neck swelling, hoarseness of voice or dysphagia. Surgery must be considered as first-line therapy for all patients with local disease as it may be curative. For palliative treatment chemoradiotherapy based on cisplatin may be effective. The identification of cytogenetics, tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, epigenetic alterations and mitochondrial abnormalities specific for ACCs is critical to the development of targeted therapies. Thus far, large studies have only reported the transcriptional activator Myb and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway to be disrupted in ACCs.

A new approach to studying the nasal and oral breathing routes.

INTRODUCTION: Nasal obstruction is often reported by patients. It is a consequence of a subjective feeling of impaired airflow through the nasal cavity. Currently, objective measures of nasal patency rates are very limited. Functional tests only analyze nasal breathing; they do not simultaneously assess airflow through the mouth. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to present a new functional test that assesses a single-stage nasal and oral breathing route. METHODS: The NOFA (Nasal-Oral Flow Analyzer) is a three-channel flow meter used to perform continuous and simultaneous measurements of nasal and oral respiratory parameters. We present the application of the device and the proposed study protocol. RESULTS: The respiratory tracks of four selected patients are presented. Different breathing patterns are visible: exclusive nasal, exclusive oral, and mixed nasal-oral ventilation pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results suggest the potential use of the NOFA in ENT practice. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the usefulness of this device in the diagnosis of patients with upper respiratory tract disorders.

Serum EPO and VEGF levels in patients with sleep-disordered breathing and acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: A high level of endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) may be associated with a smaller infarct size determined by the release of necrosis markers. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, protective effects of SDB have also been described. The potential role of increased levels of EPO and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is suggested in this process. The study aimed to explore the EPO and VEGF serum levels in SDB and non-SDB patients during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients undergoing successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the acute myocardial infarction have been examined for the levels of EPO, VEGF, and troponin I (Tn). In the following, patients had an overnight polysomnography to determine breathing disturbances during sleep. RESULTS: Both on admission day (day 1) and day 3 of hospitalization, EPO levels showed statistically significant differences in both SDB-positive and SDB-negative patient groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.018, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in VEGF levels. No correlation was found between the EPO and Tn levels. CONCLUSIONS: SDB patients tend to have higher levels of EPO during acute myocardial infarction. No statistically significant differences in VEGF levels were observed.

(99m)TC-octreotide scintigraphy and somatostatin receptor subtype expression in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas.

BACKGROUND: The main goal of the study was the analysis of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) expression on juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) cells and a subsequent analysis of the utility of SST analog-based scintigraphy in JNA diagnostics. METHODS: Nine JNA cases were analyzed. All tissue samples were analyzed for the expression of SSTRs. In 2 cases, scintigraphy was performed after the intravenous (IV) administration of an SST analog. MRI of the craniofacial region was subsequently performed. RESULTS: The SST analogues were accumulated in areas matching pathologic tissue in the nasopharynx. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the tissue samples proved the overexpression of SSTRs. CONCLUSIONS: SSTRs are overexpressed on JNA cells. The SST analog (99m)TC-octreotide is effectively bound to JNA cells. SST analogues might be used in the diagnostics and treatment of primary, recurrent, or residual JNA.

Laryngeal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult - a case presentation in the eyes of geneticists and clinicians.

BACKGROUND: Rhabdomyosarcoma is a solid tumor, resulting from dysregulation of the skeletal myogenesis program. For rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) with a predilection for the head and neck, genitourinary tract, extremities, trunk, retroperitoneum, the larynx is still an unusual site. Till now only several cases of this laryngeal tumor have been described in world literature in the adult population. The entire spectrum of genetic factors underlying RMS development and progression is unclear until today. Multiple signaling pathways seem to be involved in ERMS development and progression. CASE PRESENTATION: In this paper we report an interesting RMS case in which the disease was located within the glottic region. We report an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx in 33 year-old man. After unsuccessful chemotherapy hemilaryngectomy was performed. In follow up CT no signs of recurrence were found. Recently patient is recurrence free for 62 months. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the histological diagnosis and the highly aggressive nature of the lesion for optimal diagnosis positron electron tomography (PET) and computerized tomography (CT) of the neck and thorax should be performed. At this time surgical treatment with adjuvant radiotherapy seems to be the treatment of choice for this disease. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx has a better prognosis than elsewhere in the body, probably because of its earlier recognition and accessibility to radical surgery.

[Stapedial artery in rat: an anatomical study]. / Tetnica strzemiaczkowa u szczura: morfologia i zakres unaczynienia.

OBJECTIVE: The thorough knowledge about anatomy and morphology of the stapedial artery is of such importance to the laryngologist. In rat this artery persists throughout life. The following study was performed to analyze the morphology and course of stapedial artery in rat. METHODS: 30 Wistar rats weighing 300-400 g were used to analyze the stapedial artery. After the anesthetic induction with ether, the lethal doses of thiopental were administered. The stapedial arteries were dissected after latex injection and an immersion and preservation in 9% formalin solution. RESULTS: The stapedial artery branches off internal carotid artery and course through the stapes. After that it gives middle meningeal artery and continues in a bony canal laterally to the tegmen tympani. In the orbit stapedial artery gives off ophtalmic artery to supply mainly the orbit structures (muscles, lacrimal gland and eyeball) and the infraorbital artery with palatine artery. Additionally, the ophtalmic artery gives off the central retinal artery. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals that the stapedial artery and its distal branches are the only vessels supplying all tissues of the orbit, including the eyeball in rats.